Pekerja Anak di Indonesia: Analisis Empiris Peran Upah, Rumah Tangga, dan Sektor Informal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58192/ebismen.v5i2.4342Keywords:
Informal Employment, Child Labor, Household Work, Regional Minimum WageAbstract
Child labor remains a structural socioeconomic challenge in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the effects of wages (UPH), household characteristics (KRT), and labor informality (IK) on child labor rates (PA). This study employs a quantitative approach using secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) covering 34 provinces during the 2019–2023 period, with a total of 170 observations. Data analysis was conducted using panel data regression techniques with the assistance of EViews 9. Based on model specification tests, the best model used is the Fixed Effects Model (FEM). The results indicate that UPH has a negative and significant effect on the child labor rate, meaning that an increase in wages can reduce children’s participation in the labor force. Conversely, KRT and IK show a positive and significant effect on the child labor rate. Simultaneously, all independent variables have a significant effect on child labor, contributing 74.8%, while the remaining 25.2% is influenced by other factors outside the model.
References
Adinda, Y., & Akbar, J. H. (2024). Perlindungan Hukum Pekerja Sektor Informal terhadap Kesesuaian Upah di Indonesia. 1, 34–48.
Akseer, N., Tasic, H., Nnachebe Onah, M., Wigle, J., Rajakumar, R., Sanchez-Hernandez, D., Akuoku, J., Black, R. E., Horta, B. L., Nwuneli, N., Shine, R., Wazny, K., Japra, N., Shekar, M., & Hoddinott, J. (2022). Economic costs of childhood stunting to the private sector in low- and middle-income countries. EClinicalMedicine, 45, 101320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101320
André, P., Delesalle, E., & Dumas, C. (2021). Returns to farm child labor in Tanzania q. World Development, 138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105181
Angelia, R. R. O. (2022). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak Pekerja Anak di Indonesia. Unes Journal of Swara Justisia, 2(4), 306–312.
Anwar, D. F., Sukamdi, & Alfana, M. A. F. (2023). Karakteristik Pekerja Anak Dan Analisis Faktor Rumah Tangga Yang Mempengaruhi Terjadinya Pekerja Anak Di Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. SOCIA: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.21831/socia.v20i2.66492
Ardana, I. M. J. (2021). Peluang Anak-Anak Bekerja Menurut. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 10(2), 309–321.
Ashadi, F. (2022). Dampak Penurunan Pendapatan Orang Tua Mahasiswa Terhadap Pembayaran Ukt Pada Mada Pandemi Covid – 19. Jurnal Pendidikan (Teori Dan Praktik), 7(2), 138–145. https://doi.org/10.26740/jp.v7n2.p138-145
Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. (23 Maret 2017). Upah Minimum Regional/Propinsi, 2020. Diakses pada 10 Mei 2026, dari https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/MjIwIzI=/upah-minimum-regional-propinsi.html
Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. (19 April 2012). Persentase Rumah Tangga menurut Provinsi, Jenis Kelamin Kepala Rumah Tangga, dan Banyaknya Anggota Rumah Tangga, 2009-2025. Diakses pada 9 Mei 2026, dari https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/1/MTYwMyMx/persentase-rumah-tangga-menurut-provinsi--jenis-kelamin-kepala-rumah-tangga--dan-banyaknya-anggota-rumah-tangga--2009-2025.html
Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. (6 Mei 2024). Proporsi Lapangan Kerja Informal Menurut Provinsi, 2019-2023. Diakses pada 9 Mei 2026, dari https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/MjE1MyMy/proporsi-lapangan-kerja-informal-menurut-provinsi.html
Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. (6 Januari 2026). Persentase Pekerja Anak (usia 10-17 tahun) Menurut Provinsi, 2019-2023. Diakses pada 9 Mei 2026, dari https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/MjAwOCMy/persentase-anak-usia-10-17- tahun-yang-bekerja-menurut-provinsi.html
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. (20 Agustus 2024). Upah Minimum Provinsi (UMP) per Bulan Menurut Provinsi di Indonesia (rupiah), 2021-2024. Diakses pada 10 Mei 2026, dari https://sultra.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/1/NDc4MyMx/upah-minimum-provinsi-ump-per-bulan-menurut-provinsi-di-indonesia-rupiah-2021-2024.html
Baland, J., Demont, T., & Somanathan, R. (2019). Child Labor and Schooling Decisions among Self-Help Groups Members in Rural. 33(0), 1–51. https://doi.org/10.1086/703046
Basu, K., & Van, P. H. (1998). The Economics of Child Labour. The Economics of Child Labour, 88(3), 1–250. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199264457.001.0001
Becker, G. S. (1993). Human Capita A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Educatio. 6(0), 167–186.
Callista, N. B., Arisetyawan, K., Rachmawati, L., & Hutabarat, R. E. (2024). Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Memengaruhi Partisipasi Kerja Perempuan Berstatus Menikah Di Indonesia. Jae (Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Ekonomi), 9(1), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.29407/jae.v9i1.21947
Candrawati, C., & Auwalin, I. (2024). Impact of Program Keluarga Harapan on Child Labor During Covid-19. Economics Development Analysis Journal, 13(2), 179–193. https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v13i2.78971
Faridah, S., & Afiyani, L. (2019). Isu Pekerja Anak Dan Hubungan Dengan Hak Asasi Manusia. Lex Scientia Law Review, 3(2), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v3i2.35398
Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics. In Introductory Econometrics: A Practical Approach.
Hanane, M., Xianghe, G., & Ali, D. (2024). Contextual analysis of child labor laws and educational rights for children in Pakistan with a focus on KPK province. Discover Global Society, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-024-00105-0
Hapsari, I. M., Yu, S., Pape, U. J., & Mansour, W. (2023). Informality in Indonesia Levels, Trends, and Features. Policy Research Working Paper, October. http://www.worldbank.org/prwp.
Ibrahim, A., Abdalla, S. M., Jafer, M., Abdelgadir, J., & De Vries, N. (2019). Child labor and health: A systematic literature review of the impacts of child labor on child’s health in low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Public Health (United Kingdom), 41(1), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy018
International Labour Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund. (2025). Child Labour: Global estimates 2024, trends and the road forward. In Medical Forum Monthly (Vol. 13, Issue 9).
Jibril, H. T., Jibril Tajibu, M., & Karim, K. (2025). Economics and Digital Business Review Pengaruh Tingkat Pendidikan, Upah Minimum, dan Pekerja Informal Non-Pertanian terhadap Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka di Indonesia. Pekerja Informal …, 6(2), 1467–1474.
Karna, P. K. L. (2025). The Impact of Child Labour on Human Capital Formation in Nepal. Journal of Research in Education Management, 3(1), 69–77.
Keane, M., Krutikova, S., & Neal, T. (2022). Child work and cognitive development : Results from four low to. Quantitative Economics, 13, 425–465.
Lewis, W. A. (1954). Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour. Trimestre Economico, 91(364), 975–1029. https://doi.org/10.20430/ete.v91i364.2522
Madni, S., Ajmal, M., Fehmi, A., & Rizwan Ali Shinwari. (2024). Evaluating the impact of poverty on child labour and physical abuse: a study of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS), 5(2), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/5.2.5
Magdalena, F., Sukamdi, S., & Rofi, A. (2021). The Determinants of Child Labor Participation in Indonesia: A Multilevel Approach. Southeast Asian Journal of Economics, 9(3), 75–108.
Majid, M. F., & Behrman, J. R. (2023). Minimum Wages around Birth and Child Health. World Bank Economic Review, 37(3), 351–365. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhad004
Mizushima, A. (2021). Child labor , social capital , and economic development *. January 2019, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12785
Mtafya, H. A., Gadde, S. R., & K. Shinzeh, J. (2025). Determinants of child labor in Tanzania: a BGEE model analysis of the ILFS 2020/2021. Cogent Social Sciences, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2025.2492841
Nations, U. (2024). The Sustainable Development Goals Extended Report 2024. April.
Nopiah, R., Anggraini, E. D., & Islami, P. A. (2024). Partisipasi Kerja Wanita dan Kesejahteraan Rumah Tangga: Studi Empiris di Pulau Sumatera. Jurnal Kawistara, 14(1), 72.
Pearce, D. M. (1989). The Feminization of Poverty: A Seconf Look (pp. 1–48).
RI, K. K. (2024). Peta Jalan (Roadmap) Indonesia Bebas Pekerja Anak Lanjutan. 2, 306–312.
Sandra, H., Majid, S. A., Dawood, T. C., & Hamid, A. (2020). What Causes Children to Work in Indonesia? Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(11), 585–593. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no11.585
Satriawan, D. (2021). Pekerja Anak Sektor Informal di Indonesia: Situasi Terkini dan Tantangan ke Depan (Analisis Data Susenas 2019). Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 6(0), 167–186.
Shahid, S., & Ali Khan, R. E. (2020). Informal Sector Economy, Child Labor and Economic Growth in Developing Economies: Exploring the Interlinkages. Asian Development Policy Review, 8(4), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.107.2020.84.277.287
Sharma, B. P., & Adhikari, D. B. (2020). Informal Economy and Poverty Dynamics : A Review. Quest Journal of Management and Social Sciences Volume 2 Issue 1: 168-180 ISSN Print: 2705-4527 ISSN Online: 2705-4535 Web: Https://Www.Quest, 2(1), 168–180.
Statistik, B. P. (2025). Persentase Pekerja Anak (usia 10-17 tahun) Menurut Jenis Kelamin (Persen).
Suryaningrum, N., & Maulana, A. (2022). Pengaruh Kemiskinan Terhadap Pekerja Anak Indonesia: Analisis Data Mikro. Jurnal Dinamika Ekonomi Pembangunan, 5(3), 258–269. https://doi.org/10.14710/jdep.5.3.258-269
Ulkaromah, N., & Damayanti, A. (2019). Pengaruh Upah Minimum terhadap Anak Bekerja: Bukti Empiris di Indonesia. Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 14(1 SE-Articles), 1–13. https://journals.kemnaker.go.id/index.php/naker/article/view/49
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis dan Manajemen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
