Determinan Keterlibatan Perempuan dalam Pekerjaan Profesional di Indonesia

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the effects of education, health, and labor force participation on women’s involvement in professional occupations in Indonesia. The study employs panel data from districts and municipalities across Indonesia covering the period from 2018 to 2024, enabling the analysis of both regional variations and changes over time. Panel data regression analysis is used to examine the relationship between the independent variables and women’s participation in professional employment. The results of the Chow Test and Hausman Test indicate that the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) is the most appropriate estimation model for this study. Furthermore, to address potential heteroskedasticity and obtain more reliable estimates, the analysis applies cluster robust standard errors. The findings reveal that education and labor force participation have a positive and statistically significant effect on women’s involvement in professional occupations. In contrast, health does not have a statistically significant influence on women’s participation in professional jobs. These results suggest that improving women’s access to and quality of education, as well as expanding opportunities for participation in the labor market, plays a crucial role in increasing their representation in professional occupations. Therefore, gender-responsive development policies should prioritize strengthening educational investment, enhancing women’s workforce skills, reducing barriers to labor market access, and fostering a more inclusive work environment to support greater participation of women in professional occupations across Indonesia.